INDIAN NOTES 
AND MONOGRAPHS 

Edited by F. W. Hodge 




A SERIES OF PUBLICA- 
TIONS RELATING TO THE 
AMERICAN ABORIGINES 



INDIAN HOUSES OF PUGET 
SOUND 

BY 

T. WATERMAN 

AND 

RUTH GREINER 



NEW YORK 
MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN 
HEYE FOUNDATION 

1921 



E"T8 

5B#V 



INDIAN HOUSES OF PUGET 
SOUND 



BY 

T. T. WATERMAN 

AND 

RUTH GREINER 



1 





5 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Introduction 7 

The *' gabled" house 10 

The "shed" house 14 

The gambrel or lean-to form 20 

Native words for various types of houses ... 24 

Construction of the house 27 

Native terms for the parts of the house 39 

House-life 43 

Distribution of the various forms of houses . 49 

Works referred to in the text 51 

Notes 59 




INDIAN NOTES 





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INDIAN HOUSES OF PUGET 
SOUND 

By T. T. Waterman and 
Ruth Greiner 

INTRODUCTION 

N the various works dealing with 
Indian groups of the Puget 
Sound region, passages re- 
ferring to the structure of 
houses are often markedly inconsistent. 
Indian informants, furthermore, on direct 
inquiry, supply quite contradictory in- 
formation. 

The explanation seems to be that in 
this area several forms of dwelling-house 
were simultaneously in use. Each in- 
formant accordingly describes in conver- 
sation the particular structure which 
lingers most clearly in his memory, the 
j one, presumably, which his own family 



INDIAN NOTES 




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PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




used. Of the various forms of houses, 
one seems to have been limited strictly 
to the neighborhood about Puget sound; 
there seems to be no mention of it in 
other regions. This particular form has 
never been fully described. 

The purpose of the present paper is to 
outline the principal features of the houses 
used about Puget sound, and to discuss 
the distribution of the three forms. The 
paper is based on what is said about 
houses in the various printed works which 
refer to the Puget Sound people, and on 
inquiry made among the Indians, the 
latter work being provided for by the 
University of Washington. Mr Arthur 
C. Ballard, of Auburn, Washington, 
handed over to the present authors part 
of a very considerable body of material 
recorded by himself in the course of 
studies among the Indians, for the pur- 
pose of comparing results with those 
obtained by recent inquiry. The present 
paper is accordingly the result of a 
three-sided investigation. 

The only recognizable structural parts 




INDIAN NOTES 



INTRODUCTION 


9 


of Puget Sound houses which have been 
permanently preserved are, it seems, 
some roof-planks recently obtained for 
the Museum of the American Indian, 
Heye Foundation. If still other portions 
of houses have been preserved, so much 
the better. Not a single house is stand- 
ing at present; and the best example 
which ever stood in the vicinity of 
Seattle was destroyed many years ago 
by employees of the Indian Office. ____ 
Broadly speaking, there were three 
forms of permanent houses in use in the 
area under consideration. One form was 
an affair with a gabled roof, built, accord- 
ing to Curtis, 1 only for very wealthy 
men. The second form of house had 
what might be called a "shed-roof," 
with a single pitch. Structures of this 
second type were very large and quite 
elaborate. The fact that they had a 
"shed" roof does not by any means 
imply that they were makeshift or 
temporary. The third form had a cen- 
tral roof, almost flat, with lean-to's 
added, producing an effect suggesting the 




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PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




"hip" or "gambrel" roofs of European 
structures. 

THE "GABLED" HOUSE 
In this type of structure wall-planks 
and roof-planks are said to have extended 
horizontally, the plank nearest the crest 
of the roof being propped up to form an 
exit for the smoke. Denny reproduces 
an illustration of questionable value 
showing a gabled structure as one type of 
Indian house. 2 Her picture indicates 
vertical wall- and roof-boards. Little 
else has been said about this form of 
dwelling, so far as the Puget Sound 
region is concerned. A good deal of 
information, however, is available about 
similar houses in neighboring areas. 
Among the tribes to the south and west 
of the sound (the Ouinault, Chehalis, 
Chinook, Clatsop, Wishram), houses of 
the same type have the following features: 
There is one ridge-pole in the center, 
and a doorway consisting of an oval or a 
circular hole cut through a plank, in the 
end of the structure, which is built "end- 




INDIAN NOTES 



GABLED HOUSE 


11 


on" to the water. 3 The wall- and roof- 
planks are sometimes placed vertically, 
and sometimes (if Mrs Victor is correct 4 ) 
horizontally. Most authors describe 
them as vertical. 5 Bancroft makes the 
apparently reasonable remark that usage 
varied. 6 In at least one case the wall- 
planks were vertical and the roof-planks 
horizontal. This is clearly described by 
Swan for the Chinook. 7 Where the wall- 
planks are horizontal, they are held in 
place by being lashed between two verti- 
cal poles. In the region farther to the 
south, again, wall-planks are invariably 
vertical and the roof-planks are placed at 
right angles to the ridge-pole. It would 
be much more satisfactory for purposes of 
description if the Indians of this area had 
limited themselves to one method of dispos- 
ing their wall- and roof-boards. We must 
dismiss this particular matter, however, by 
saying with Bancroft that in the area we 
are discussing usage was apparently not 
uniform. This certainly applies to Puget 
sound, and explains some contradictory 
notes supplied by Indian intormants. 




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PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




A feature of some importance in Indian 
houses is the presence of a pit. From the 
Columbia river southward, gabled houses 
invariably contain such pits. Lewis and 
Clark say that the Chinook house has an 
excavation 4 ft. deep. Mrs Victor puts 
it at 3 ft., while Bancroft says 4 or 5 ft., 
and Washington Irving, 6 ft. 8 Mrs Vic- 
tor and Irving mention a ladder by which 
the visitor reached the bottom of the pit. 
Inquiries indicate that around the Sound 
houses also contained pits, though the 
printed sources on the Sound area say 
little of this feature. 

Such facts would suggest that the 
gabled structure found on Puget sound 
is similar to a form of habitation which 
has a very wide distribution to the south- 
ward. The size of all houses diminishes 
rapidly as we go in that southerly direc- 
tion toward the tribes of Oregon and 
California. On the Columbia river, for 
example, according to Bancroft, they 
measured 25 by 75 ft. In northern 
California the largest gabled houses are 
not more man 10 uy 11. 1 ms wuum 




INDIAN NOTES 



GABLED HOUSE 


13 


raise the inference that the source for the 
distribution of such houses lies some- 
where in the north. Such gabled forms 
seem not to exist in the area immediately 
north of Puget sound. On the coast of 
Washington, gabled houses are not men- 
tioned north of the Quinault. There they 
are completely supplanted by another 
form of structure. They do not reappear 
until we come to the Comox on the eastern 
side of Vancouver island. Hill-Tout's pho- 
tographs show the "shed" and "gable" 
forms standing side by side among the 
Salish of the British Columbia coast (pi. i) . 
Concerning the distribution of gabled 
houses, then, it must be noted that they 
are found in two areas, one of which 
includes Puget sound and extends south- 
ward to California, while the other area 
extends from the Comox northward for a 
considerable distance; as a matter of fact, 
to Prince William sound, Alaska. The 
appearance of one of these gabled struc- 
tures standing in southern British Colum- 
bia is shown in pi. II. The Puget Sound 
house was much smaller than this. 




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PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




THE "SHED" HOUSE 
This form seems to have been much 
more common on Puget sound than was 
the preceding type. It is referred to by 
Gibbs 9 as the type characteristic of the 
Puget Sound " tribes." The "shed" 
house was also employed by the Quilliute 
and Makah on the coast of Washington. 
To the northward the use of this form 
extended over the entire west coast of 
Vancouver island, up the east coast to 
the Comox (as just remarked), and over 
the mainland of southern British Colum- 
bia. 10 Boas 10G has given a complete 
account of this form of structure as found 
among the LkungEn, or Songish, near 
Victoria, B. C, with a diagram of the 
separate beams, here reproduced as fig. i. 
Captain Cook, in his Voyages, has a 
verbal description of those viewed by 
him at Xootka sound in April, I77 8 - 11 
Other authorities, such as Myron Eells, 
Swan, Simon Fraser, and Jewitt, 12 report 
such structures briefly, while Curtis 13 has 
a more systematic description. 

The principal peculiarity of these struc- 




INDIAN NOTES 



SHED HOUSE 



15 




b 



Fig. i. — (a) Diagram showing the construction of 
a 44 shed" house, (b) Section of house. After 
Boas, (c, cross-beams; u, uprights; R, rafters; 
p, poles; l, ropes of cedar-branches which 
pass through holes in the boards and are tied 
around the poles') . 



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PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




tures is that they have a fiat roof, with a 
single " pitch." Myron Eells describes 
this form of structure with the crypto- 
grammic phrase, ''house with the roof 
wholly on one side." 14 The appearance 
of a house similar to the Puget Sound 
form is shown in an excellent photograph 
published by Hill-Tout 15 and here repro- 
duced (pi. i). On Puget sound the roof 
slopes to the rear. Both Boas and Cap- 
tain Cook say that the British Columbia 
house slopes from the rear toward the 
front. 

A noteworthy point concerning this 
type of house is the prodigious size which 
it sometimes attains. An example of 
this type of structure, modified in cer- 
tain respects, stood for many years on 
the shore of the sound opposite Seattle, 
at the Port Madison Indian reservation. 
Some of the local historians tell astound- 
ing stories of its length. Carlson, writing 
in a Bulletin of the University of Wash- 
ington, History Series, 16 gives its length 
as "900 feet." Costello, in a locally pub- 
lished book, 17 extends the length to 1,000 




INDIAN NOTES 



SHED HOUSE 


17 


ft. Such dimensions for this particular 
building seem to be quite fanciful. 
Gibbs, whose monograph is the standard 
work on the Puget Sound Indians (which 
monograph, by the way, the local writers 
seem to have overlooked), gives the 
length of this structure as 520 ft. In 
these figures he quotes Goldsborough, 
who went inside the edifice in 1855, while 
the framework was still standing, and 
took measurements of all the important 
beams. 18 Farther north, however, houses 
attaining the dimensions cited seem to 
have real existence. Simon Fraser saw 
what was apparently one of these struc- 
tures standing on the river which bears 
his name, and says that it was 646 ft. in 
length and 60 ft. in width, "all under one 
roof." 19 At the mouth of the river he 
saw a "fort" 1,500 ft. long and 90 ft. 
broad. It is not certain what the form 
of the structure was. Possibly it was not 
a house, but an inclosure. Hill-Tout 
says that he himself knows of a house 
more than 1,000 ft. in length. 20 Such 
gigantic structures are, of course, com- 




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PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




munal dwellings, as were apparently all 
plank-houses of the entire region. 

This "shed" form of house seems 
always to have been built facing the 
water, its long sides parallel to the beach 
line. In some cases a number of exits 
were provided. The front wall was from 
10 to 18 ft. high, and the rear wall some- 
what lower, but always greater than the 
height of a man. The great width which 
these structures had (40 ft. or more), had 
the effect of giving the roof a very gentle 
pitch. Such a low roof-slope is somewhat 
characteristic of the houses built by the 
Indians even today (see pi. Vin). Hill- 
Tout remarks that it was impracticable 
to make walls of any structure 'very tall, 
because it was too difficult to lift to great 
heights those colossal beams which Indian 
usage favored for all buildings. Some of 
these beams were 2 ft. in diameter and 
60 ft. long. A low front wall has as a 
natural result a roof that is somewhat 
flat. This level roof-space was commonly 
utilized for drying fish, and for other 
nnrnosps PI I for example, shows a 




INDIAN NOTES 



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SHED HOUSE 


19 


scene at a "potlatch," in which the roof 
of one of these "shed" houses is lined 
with the spectators and with piles of 
blankets, the latter intended for distri- 
bution. Swan conjectures that the roof 
is made flat for the express purpose of 
drying halibut, but this explanation 
seems very improbable. 

There is some uncertainty as to 
whether all these "shed" houses were 
constructed over "pits" or excavations. 
Some of them certainly had pits. Curtis 
states for the region of Puget sound that 
the house had a central excavation. In 
the case of such elongate structures as 
these buildings, this excavation assumes 
the form of a wide, shallow trench ex- 
tending down the length of the dwelling. 21 
This excavation was only a foot deep. 
Myron Eells supplies corroboration on 
the presence of a pit. 22 Other authorities, 
however, are silent on the matter. The 
native structures for hundreds of miles 
to the south and north of the area we are 
discussing were provided with excava- 
tions, as stated by all authorities. 23 It 




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PUGET SOUND HOUSES 



seems probable that these great " shed- 
houses" also had pits, at least typically. 

Myron Eells is authority for the state- 
ment that this "shed" form was the 
oldest style of structure about Puget 
sound, and the one most commonly used 
in aboriginal days. 24 

THE GAMBREL OR "LEAN-TO" FORM 

On Puget sound a special form of struc- 
ture was developed, differing in certain re- 
spects from both of those mentioned. We 
may perhaps speak of this as the third 
style of dwelling. In most points of con- 
struction such houses are identical with 
the type just discussed. A new and 
characteristic feature is a kind of addition 
to the structure, in the form of a " lean- 
to," which was always added to the rear 
of the building, and sometimes extended 
clear around it, on all four sides. Thus 
is produced a structure of curious form, 
which is not known to have been de- 
scribed in any other locality. Myron 
Eells in a brief note 25 refers to such a 
structure, styling it the "flat-roofed dwel- 



INDIAN NOTES 



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GAMBREL FORM 


21 


ling house." He says in effect that the 
roof is composed of two parts: (i) a part 
made of " clapboards," which generally 
has a steep pitch; (2) another part made 
of "long boards." It is this part made of 
" long boards ' ' which is flat. The relation 
of the two parts is indicated by an illus- 
tration in a book by Miss Denny called 
Blazing the Way. 26 This picture, which 
is apparently a composite, having the 
background (and possibly the houses) 
brushed in, is too poor to reproduce. 
The sketch herewith (pi. 111) is based on 
a model of such a house made many years 
ago by a middle-aged Duwamish, Peter 
Rodgers (now deceased), plus some di- 
mensions supplied orally by native infor- 
mants, particularly by Mr Joe George 
and Mr Sam Wilson, of Port Madison 
reservation. Such houses varied greatly 
n size. The sketch represents one of 
moderate dimensions. 

The principal feature of the structure 
is a central section of roof which is almost 
flat. This part is upheld by a very heavy 
framework, and "s covered over with wide 




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PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




and very long planks. Around this 
central structure is a steep ' 'shed-roof" 
of ordinary flat planks ("clapboards," 
to quote Eells), very "cheap" and short. 
The steep pitch helps to carry off the 
water, making unnecessary the use of the 
more elaborate style of planks. This 
lean-to was lined, wall and ceiling, ac- 
cording to some informants, with matting, 
which helped to exclude the weather. 

A number of conflicting statements 
came to light in making inquiry about 
this type of house. For example, some 
informants said the roof-planks ran 
lengthwise of the structure, others said 
they were crosswise; some said the pitch 
was toward the rear, others that it was 
toward one end. The explanation finally 
supplied was of course a simple one. The 
pitch of the roof was "away from the 
rain," which in this region comes mostly 
from the south. If in a given instance the 
house faced another quarter, the pitch 
of the roof was adjusted accordingly. In 
some cases the "flat" roof sloped slightly 
irom tne miaaie uoui ways. 




INDIAN NOTES 



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GAMBREL FORM 


23 


Contradictory statements were also 
made concerning the presence of a pit. 
Usage may have varied somewhat. In 
later times, especially, the pits may often 
have been omitted. Some of the houses, 
however, did have deep excavations. 
Moreover, it is a fact that in many of the 
old village-sites around the sound, the 
house-pits are still to be seen at the 
present day. The famous structure at 
"Old Man House," on Port Madison 
reservation, mentioned in every work 
which deals with this region, 27 had such 
an excavation, 5 ft. in depth, according 
to one informant. The remains of this 
pit are visible in pi. v. This structure 
also had a " lean-to," but only on its 
landward side. In some cases the pits 
were excavated to the full height of a 
man. No ladders fordescending into the 
excavation are known to have existed. An 
inclined plane served for access. For fur- 
ther illustrations of the site of the " Old 
Man House," see pi. iv, vi. 




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PUGET SOUND HOUSES 



NATIVE WORDS FOR VARIOUS 
TYPES OF HOUSES 

We are now ready to take up the Indian 
terms for "house." The word alt u is 
used for all habitations of whatever 
material. Thus, a structure which is 
stripped bare inside and swept out m 
preparation for a "potlatch," is called 
sgivi' g r id-alt u \ "distribution-house. " 28 

Structures habitually used for such 
potlatches were referred to as he'q w aVah 
11 big houses." There were usually only 
one or two of these in a village, the poorer 
people accommodating themselves as best 
they could in a variety of "shacks." 
Gibbs says that these great houses were 
specially erected for festivals, and after- 
ward dismantled. 29 It would be much 
nearer the truth to remark that they were 
built of permanent materials, but were 
often partially dismantled, and the 
planks used for temporary shelters, 
during the season when no festivals were 
in progress. A man "owned " the planks 
which were used to cover his appointed 
place in the big house. A temporary 



INDIAN NOTES 



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NOMENCLATURE 


25 


shelter for summer is called qwa 'tak-alt u , 
"mat-house," or xolai'tx w , "warm weath- 
er shelter." A dwelling of "white-man's" 
architecture is called pA'sAd-alt u , "Bos- 
ton-house," pA'sAd or pa'sid being the 
Indian pronunciation of the name of the 
New England metropolis. This term alt u 
is used also in names for those places where 
mythical beings are supposed to live; for 
example, xwiyaqwA! di-dlt u , "Thunder his 
house." 

The word for a permanent habitation 
of planks is tA'sbAd, "cold-weather 
shelter," usually translated "winter- 
house." This term applies to the perma- 
nent habitation, whatever the style of 
architecture. A special form of it (not 
described) was called kalasai f tx w The 
planks were often carried off to form 
temporary camps. It is worth remem- 
bering that a few of these planks repre- 
sented a fortune to the Indian. They 
were split with great care out of cedar 
logs, and this operation required both 
time and skill. Not everyone could do 
it successfully. The Puget Sound planks 




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PUGET SOUND HOUSES | 




were not extraordinarily large, three feet 
being a maximum width. At Cape 
Flattery they were sometimes five feet 
wide, and more. The Ferry Museum of 
Tacoma has some splendid specimens on 
display, which are fully that wide. Even 
a narrow plank, however, was a treasure. 
Poor people often did not have a plank 
to shelter themselves with. In moving 
about, the heavy planks were laid across 
two canoes, forming a platform, upon 
which the other effects could be piled. In 
the warm season the big houses were 
often deserted, the people being at distant 
places where a large supply of food was 
at the moment obtainable, either salmon 
and other fish, or bulbs and berries. This 
accounts for the remark made by Van- 
couver that most of the villages seemed 
to have been abandoned. He conjec- 
tured 30 that prior to his visit there 
must have been a pestilence. " Honey- 
mooners" and the younger couples gener- 
ally camped about, here and there, and oc- 
cupied quarters in the larger houses only at 

±u r^f r^r>t1a trhes or other gatherings, 
tne time 01 poiididico ^ 1 ^ Lii ^ © ° 




INDIAN NOTES 

. ■ 



CONSTRUCTION 


27 


CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSE 
The following is an account of how the 
house was constructed, step by step. 
The figures in parentheses refer to a list 
of native terms given on a later page. 

A row of tall uprights (i) were planted 
in the ground, some 12 or 14 ft. apart (see 
pi. viii). In rear of them a parallel row 
of somewhat shorter posts was set, distant 
some 25 or 50 ft. from the first row, ac- 
cording to the size of the house. These 
uprights were like very heavy planks. 
Often they were more than 3 ft. wide and 
8 in. in thickness. The inner surface of 
these posts often bore a figure from 3 to 
5 ft. long, carved in relief. Present-day 
informants often refer to these carvings 
as 11 totems. " It is worth remarking that 
they were quite another sort of thing 
from the totemic crests of the tribes of 
northern British Columbia and Alaska. 
Snakes, fish, lizards, sea-mammals, and 
human figures were delineated in these 
carvings, but with nothing of the peculiar 
u style" which is so characteristic of art 
farther north. The design in each case 




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represented the owner's supernatural 
helper, and was not a family crest. The 
matter of obtaining these 11 helpers" was 
part of an adolescence complex, with many 
interesting features which cannot be dis- 
cussed here. Inside of such a house, the 
space between two posts was the especial 
bailiwick of one man and his family. 
The figure of the supernatural helper was 
often set up alongside this "compart- 
ment," and seems to have been looked 
upon n a sense, and utilized, as a symbol 
of ownership. 

The principal task in erecting the house 
was to lift into place certain great rafters 
(2) which extended from front to rear of 
the house, resting on uprights. These 
rafters in the big structure at Port Madi- 
son reservation were 60 ft. long and 17 in. 
through at the butt. The framework of 
the house, then, consisted of a series of 
bents, independent of each other, each 
bent consisting of two "uprights" sup- 
porting a slanting "rafter." The rafter 
had "shoulders" at each end, so as to set 
firmly on the uprights. Lighter beams or 


1 


INDIAN NOTES 



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CONSTRUCTION 


29 


stringers were now placed lengthwise of 
the house, resting on top of the rafters. 
These would be called "sheeting" by a 
civ'lized carpenter. The stringer running 
along the eaves at the front of the house 
(3) was larger than the one for the 
rear (4). There were three or more 
rows of these longitudinal beams, de- 
pending on the width of the roof. 
They were the immediate support of the 
roof-planks. These roof-planks (5, 6) 
were quite elaborately wrought. They 
were split from cedar trees, in such a way 
that the edges were raised. They were 
made in two varieties, one kind having a 
deep trough (5) and the others a shallow 
one (6). Each kind had a special name. 
They were placed on the roof in two layers. 
In the lower layer the deeply-troughed 
planks were employed, and were placed 
with the trough upward, with enough 
longitudinal pitch so that the rain-water 

HrainpH rlnwn fhpir Ipnp'th Ovpr the 

cracks between those planks were placed 
other and shallower planks, in reverse 
position, that is to say, with the trough 




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PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




downward. The whole arrangement had 
a general resemblance to tiling. The two 
kinds of planks may be seen in fig. 2. 


Fig. 2. — Two types of roof-planks. 

These roof-boards were held in place in 
some cases by being weighted with stones. 
In better houses a strip (7) was laid along I 
a row of boards, just over one of the 
longitudinal plates. Holes were bored 
through the planks, and a cedar withe (8) 
was passed through these holes and 
around the rafter below. These boards 
were carefully treasured. The manu- 
facture, as mentioned above, was a 
tedious and somewhat difficult process. 
After the planks were split from the log, 
they were scraped down with a sharp 
musselshell, and, in the case of fine speci- 
mens, rubbed with " sandpaper" consist- 


j INDIAN NOTES 



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CONSTRUCTION 


31 


ing of a piece of dog-fish skin. Where 
knot-holes existed in such planks, the 
carpenter sometimes made channels 
which would carry the water around 
them, instead of letting it drip through. 
In other cases the hole was covered with a 
"patch" (9), consisting of a clamshell. 
This shell was filled with blue clay, and 
then slapped down over the hole. When 
the mud dried the shell was held fast in 
its position. Planks which became 
cracked were carefully repaired. A row 
of perforations was made on each side of 
the crack, which was filled with pitch, 
and drawn together with lashings of 
twisted cedar-twigs. Pitch (10) for this 
purpose has a special name. They some- 
times filled a crack with long splinters (11) 
so that the pitch would not drip through. 
After the resin hardened, the crack some- 
times opened again, in which case they 
heated the end of a hard stick (12) and 
i uuucu 11 111 me cracK to men rne pitcn 
and fill the crack again. 

In cases where a "lean-to" (13) was 
added, the additional roof had a very 




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PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




steep pitch, and was made of u ordinary" 
planks (14), without the upturned edges. 
Eells applies to such " ordinary" planks 
the term ''clapboards." These boards 
were fastened to the "plate" which ran 
horizontally along the house at the eaves, 
with ironwood pegs. As already men- 
tioned, the walls consisted sometimes of 
vertical and sometimes of horizontal 
planks. Informants consulted near Se- 
attle were more familiar with an arrange- 
ment which they described as follows: 
Boards (15) were put as close together 
as possible to compose the walls, standing I 
vertically. Over the cracks various odd 
pieces were placed as battens (16), then a 
long strip (17) was run the length of the 
house on the outside just under the eaves 
to hold these upright boards in place. 
It fitted up under the ends of the roof- 
boards, and was lashed at intervals to the 
" plate." Where a high wall existed, 
several such strips were used, at differ- 
ent levels. The wall-planks varied a good 
deal in thickness. The strip held the 
thick ones, but thinner ones would be left 




INDIAN NOTES 



CONSTRUCTION 


33 


* 

loose and rattling about. Wedges (18) in 
that case were driven up under the strip 
to give it a " purchase," or "bearing," 
on the loose elements. 

When the wall-planks ran horizontally, 
a different style of fastening was, of 
course, required. This has been de- 
scribed by other writers. The essential 
matter is that upright poles (19) were 
set up and the planks stood on edge, one 
above another, between this pole and the 
house-frame (fig. 1, b). Each plank was 
held in a sling made of cedar withes, in 
such a way that it overlapped the next 
plank, excluding the weather. 

The main doorway (20) consisted of 
two uprights, with a heavy cross-piece, 
or lintel (21). The top of this lintel had 
a channel or groove. Into this groove 
fitted the lower end of the vertical wall- 
planks. Various other openings (22) were 
provided, depending on the size of the 
hou e. There was always a "back door" 
(23) leading into the forest. At the time 
of an attack, this back door, which led 
directly into the brush and the heavy 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





34 


PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




timber, was a very popular exit. The 
enemy, in trying to place a guard at this 
back door in advance, to prevent escapes, j 
often gave alarm and put the household 
on the alert. 

The whole matter of doorways offers 
some features of interest. Cook says that 
the houses he saw at Xootka sound in 
1778 had no doorways, properly speaking. 
There were what seemed to be irregular 
and chance apertures here and there, 
through which the Indians passed in and 
out. The houses described to us on 
Puget sound and portrayed in the litera- 
ture had quite elaborate entrances. It 
may well be believed that Indian houses 
in this region rapidly became more elab- 
orate after the introduction of iron tools, 
which made woodworking easy and rapid. 
It is accordingly possible that the elab- 
orate entrances described by recent 
Indians are not really aboriginal. The 

(i ai 1 Ainn u a11C a'' of Port Aladison 
UlQ Vlan nouse ai run .uauiouu 

reservation had a kind of a maze through 

which the visitor entered, consisting of a 

series of parallel walls partly uncovering 




INDIAN NOTES 



CONSTRUCTION 


35 


each other, around the flanks of which 
the visitor had to pass. In a dark place 
was a pit. The theory was that an 
enemy coming into the house, and being 
unfamiliar with it, would fall in this hole. 
Every well-built house was provided with 
a kind of hallway (24) formed by parti- 
tions (25) extending back into the house 
at each side of the entrance. This is said 
to have been for defense against enemies, 
but its military usefulness is hardly ap- 
parent. One of these houses, if once 
invested by a hostile force, could be 
defended only with difficulty. The ene- 
my was as well off in any case as the 
people inside, and he could at any 
moment set the place on fire. The par- 
tition was more likely devised to exclude 
the cold wind. In aboriginal times there- 
was nothing to close the aperture except a 
cedar-bark mat (26), and some kind of an 
additional windbreak would have been a 
great advantage. In more modern times 
heavy plank doors with iron hinges were 
hung at both ends of this hallway. 

The interior arrangements of such a 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





36 


PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




p| pi house depended on its size, 
vi Where occupied by several 
. I families, there was more than 
\M one fire. Each fireplace (27) 
; ( i =1 had a big back-log (28). 
VM When the fire was kindled, 
\'m someone would send a small 
I | boy up on the roof to prop up 
I'll! the edge of a plank with a 
pair of small struts (29). 
IJIl This made an exit (30) for 

I the smoke. If no boy were 
r ( ; ;t at hand, they used a long 

,| pole to move the planks 
HP about, such poles being kept 
for the purpose (fig. 3)- Dur- 
tj ing ceremonial performances 
|1 similar poles, quite elabor- 
t j ately ornamented, were carried 
|| by performers. Holding these 
i|| poles(3i) upright they "drum- 
]A med" by punching them ver- 

II i tically against the roof-planks 
F ^ 3 _ (fig. 2). For the ordinary fire, 

Pole for drum- bark was the principal fuel, 

ming on the fo j t made litt l e smo ke. 
roof-boards. UCLcl L1 




INDIAN NOTES 



i 



WATERMAN AND GREINER — PUGET SOUND HOUSES 



PL. IX 




ORDINARY MAT USED AS A WALL COVERING 

(Size, 2 ft. 9 in. by 4 ft. 9 in.) 



WATERMAN AND GREINER PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




SLEEPING MAT 

(Size, 3 ft. 9 in. by 6 ft. 1% in.) 



CONSTRUCTION 


37 


Numerous other features were constant 
in all these houses. The walls were lined 
with ordinary mats (32) of cattail rushes, 
which were utilized not only in this way, 
but for a variety of other purposes. They 
consist of rushes which are placed hori- 
zontally and held together by a vertical 
warp of twine made of fibers split from 
rushes (pi. ix). Around the wall ex- 
tended a platform (33) for beds. This 
was 3^ or 4 ft. wide, 31 and the occupants 
lay with their sides to the fire. Thick 
and very springy mats (34), made of 
cattails especially for the purpose, were 
spread for the sleepers on the planks 
(pi. x), and another mat was usually 
rolled up to form a pillow. There were 
no partitions between the cubicles of 
different families. Underneath the bed- 
platform, which was a foot or more from 
the ground, various pieces of property 
were stored. Above the bed-platform 
and extending completely around the 
house was a shelf (35), about three feet 
wide, made of small poles. This shelf 

liro c ciicnpnrl An tf nm t n c± t" o t fpfc n n n nnc- 
Wda oUbpcllucU 11 Dill Lilt; IdUclb, cLlLKA JJUo 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





PUGET SOUND HOUSES 



sessions endless in variety were stored 
upon it. 

From the native standpoint the center 
and soul of the house w T as a great rack 
for drying fish. Cross-pieces (36) were 
extended from the one side of the house 
to the other, at the level of the lower 
eaves. The cross-piece rested at the rear 
of the house upon the lowest log C- 'the 
" sheeting," while its other end was g up- 
ported by withes from the roof. ■"Bes 
(37) were then laid lengthwise of ^he 
house, about 16 in. apart, resting on t pe 
cross-pieces. Salmon brought in by he 
fishermen were cut open and the b. Ik- 
bone taken out. They were then sk v- 
ered through their tails with a stick (. t). 
The " stick" of fish was then laid aci Is 
between two of the longitudinal po i, 
and the fish left to cure in the smo 1. 
This lower rack (39) just described v b 
only for fresh fish. A higher rack (4 j 
was used in a similar way for curing t 
backbones, which did not need to be 
heavily smoked. Further aloft still, w 
a third rack (41), for salmon which we: 



INDIAN NOTES 



HOUSE PARTS 



39 



half-cured. Thoroughly cured fish were 
removed from over the fire and placed in 
special racks (42) for preservation. 

A narrow strip of wood was suspended 
by withes some 4 or 5 ft. (43) below the 
drying frame. On this were hung pieces 
of meat or fish which were intended to be 
used at once. Hung from this pole was a 
"to v. 1" (44) of shredded cedar-bark, 
used or wiping the fingers. 

Tre house-pit (45) contained all the 
heai 1 fires. Descent from the outer 
groi d level into this excavation was 
eitb ' by a sloping ramp or a flight of 
stej (46). 

A.TIVE TERMS FOR THE PARTS 
OF THE HOUSE 

ie native terms appear in the follow- 
in; list in the order in which they are 
m tioned above. 

Structural Parts 

I. Uprights, sqw'a'lad. 

For the house front, ta'dzus. 
For the rear wall, kwa'datc. 



AND MONOGRAPHS 

I 

- 

■ 



i 



40 


PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




2. Sloping rafters, running from front 
to rear, to carry the roof-boards, dAdja'- 
lad xu , ta'clabado. 

3. At the front of the house, crwa"- 
abadi. 

4. At the middle and rear, ta'lusid. 

5. Roof-planks with deep " trough," 
thpa'lad xu . 

6. Roof-planks with shallow "trough," 
sqa'lad xu . 

7. Strip which holds the roof -planks 
in place, ta'tsAgwAs (= two things that 
bump together). 

8. Withe of twisted cedar-limb, fas- 
tening this strip to the rafter below, 
sti'dagwAt. 

9. Patch for a knot-hole, consisting 
of a clamshell, fastened with clay, 
stAq w -a'lt u (= patch-house). 

10. Resin for closing up a seam, 
stAq w -a'lap-kwa'hL ( = patch-house-resin). 

11. Splinters for closing a crack, 
euxteishd {= pitch-spreaders; daubers). 

12. Stick, heated and used for melting 
resin in a crack, sAx ll teLLLd xu (= that 
wliirh von rill") With ) . 




INDIAN NOTES 



! 



HOUSE PARTS 


41 


13. " Lean-to", with steep roof , sxqwa'- 
datc ( = addition ; something added 
on). 

14. Ordinary boards, without raised 
edges; " clapboards," qwa! datc-ala! d xu ( = 
lean-to planks), hwitsbala' d xu (= small 
covering piece), (cf. 5 and 6 above.) 

15. Wall-boards, 12 or 14 in. wide, 
spsa' dialad xu ( = wall-boards) . 

16. Battens, cutLa'lalus (= that which 
covers a crack). 

17. Strip run under the eaves to hold 
the vertical planks in place, sAx u tLtb- 
salad xu (= clamp; squeezer). 

18. Wedge used to secure loose boards 
in place, sAx u tcqid (= wedge). 

19. Upright poles, used with hori- 
zontal wall-planks, potskxwo' dad. 

20. Main doorway, cAgwiL. 

21. Lintel, cqu'tsid. 

22. Additional opening, a' ' cgwiL (di- 
minutive of 20). 

23. "Back" door, iLda'tc. 

24. "Hallway" leading inward from 
the main door, cAgwda'di (= door-at). 

25. Partitions composing this hallwav, 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





42 



PUGET SOUND HOUSES 



cAx u di'cutsid (= at the door it is split or 
divided). 

26. Cedar-bark mat hung across the 
doorway, cxu'Lotsid (= that which one 
rubs against). 

Interior Arrangements 

27. Fireplace, cxu'ded (cf. xud, fire). 

28. Back-log, dica'htcup ( = behind 
the fire). 

29. Sticks or struts for propping up 
edge of roof-board, sux ca'hd xu . 

30. Smoke-hole, steo'xwe (st'eAkwil = | 
smoke). 

31. Long pole for moving roof-planks 
about, tA'shd. 

32. Mats used to line the walls, 
cAqsduhtsa (= lining). 

33. Platform for beds, ldwa fi sid ( = 
resting-place). 

34. Thick and very springy mats, used 
to sleep upon, qot. 

35. Storage shelf above the bed-plat- 
form, cqa'tAd, cu 'yap ( = where things are 
piled) . 

36. Cross-pieces to support the racks 



INDIAN NOTES 



HOUSE-LIFE 


43 


for drying fish, ula'dtwad (= salmon-for). 

37. Lengthwise poles resting upon (36), 
ca'labid ( = things which one pushes 
through or inserts). 

38. Stick upon which fish were skew- 
ered, cut' A' lad (= things which keep 
something open or spread). 

39. Rack for drying fresh fish, hp o' sail. 

40. Higher rack, for backbones, which 
were cured separately, xa'xali (xako, 
backbone). 

41. Rack for half-dried salmon, sihai' . 

42. Rack for cured salmon, Lka'tAd 
(= where things are piled; cf. number 
35 above). 

43. Pole for fresh meat and fish for 
immediate use, cuhu'sAd (= for cooking). 

44. " Towel" of shredded cedar-bark, 
pas ( = wiper). 

45. House-pit, tcaa'it u (= dig-house). 

46. Steps leading down into pit, cu'Vca. 

HOUSE-LIFE 

Visitors who came to this region in 
early times spoke in terms of contempt 
of the native structures. They were full 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





1 



44 


PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




of cracks, and at the same time full of 
smoke. They were " ill-built," and in 
form they were skewed. Moreover, a 
good deal of dirt and confusion reigned 
within. The principal occupation on all 
hands was the curing of fish, and ob- 
servers speak in wondering phrases con- 
cerning the odor that surrounded and 
permeated Indian establishments. The 
life of the Indians in many ways was hard, 
and their mode of existence was not ideal. 
On the other hand, the denunciatory 
remarks can be explained in large part as 
contempt felt by a people five-eighths 
civilized for people only half-civilized. 
There was a great deal in Indian life 
that was pleasant, and much in the rela- 
tions of the Indians to each other that is 
pleasing. 

For example, no child in an Indian 
household was ever struck, and no child 
was ever sent to school. Vet most 
children grew up to oe aiscipimcu mem 
bers of society, and each of them devel- 
oped into an excellent workman at some 
difficult trade. If any one did not, the 




INDIAN NOTES 



HOUSE-LIFE 


45 


chances are he starved to death. In 
addition to learning with great accuracy 
how to manufacture and manipulate 
complicated tools of the chase, certain 
modes of action were powerfully incul- 
cated. Forms of behavior, in many 
respects as complicated as our own, were 
instilled, without the victim of the proc- 
ess being really aware of it. 

We find that this sense of discipline 
appeared among even the youngest mem- 
bers of a household. Mothers used to 
explain to very young children the neces- 
sity of keeping still in emergencies— for 
example, during attacks by the enemy. 
Haida and "Stickeens" (Tsimshian) used 
to come down from the north on raids. 
When houses were suddenly assaulted, 
the people would try to get into the 
brush behind the village. "Mother can't 
carry you all," a woman would explain 
to her children, "so when I put you into 

n \l nlQpp 1 _ n^t' <sp>p>mQ cqtp c^q^/ thpfP onn 
ctliy jJlclL-C Lllcl L Stt lllo octlC, oLdy Llltl C ctllLi 

be quiet until I come after you." When 
an emergency came, a child snatched at 
midnight from his dreams and pitched 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





46 


PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




headfirst into a blackberry bush would 
stay there without making a sound. 
The enemy often went about the out- 
skirts of a captured village, calling in 
a sweet voice, " A-a-a-a-tL* a' xa-qo! " 
("Come out, dear!") or "A'tL'aauLe!" 
("All of you come out now!"), in order 
to capture children and make slaves of 
them. Youngsters were often on their 
guard against this, and would answer | 
nobody unless called correctly by their 
own proper names. "Dear" or " little 
pet" might be said by anybody. 

It is an interesting point that the iron- 
shod philosophy which made such things 
possible was bred into a child without 
any show of force or pressure. Children 
were often reproached for improprieties, 
but were never punished. The people 
around Seattle, living beside "salt water," 
had great contempt for the "fresh water" 
people of the rivers and lakes, who fol- 
lowed a different and somewhat simpler 
mode of life, and were "poor." "De'UL 
tce'-ux wa tiiUuVaL Sqwaux!" "You are 

i i • 1*1 ~ ^ „ ~f f u o TccQmia n ( reek 
behaving like one ol tne issaquciii v^icetv 




INDIAN NOTES 



HOUSE-LIFE 


47 


Indians!" would be the reproach directed 
at a lazy or a careless youngster. One 
of the informants, a half-breed woman, 
inherited from her white father a narrow, 
high nose, with a marked notch where it 
met the forehead, very different from the 
true Indian nose, which is very low and 
broad at this point. Her "chest-bone" 
also jutted forward somewhat promi- 
nently. When she was a child, her 
mother, if seriously provoked, would* 
address her as " Ctcatas" (" notchy !") or 
" Tsudzi' gwAs" ("sticking out in front! "), 
instead of calling her by her proper name. 
"Well-bred" children would not help 
themselves to any kind of food from 
the store-house, especially if the older 
people were away. They always waited, 
sometimes in serious hunger, until the 
elders returned. There was always, of 
course, some riffraff and no-account 
people who "did not know how to bring 

1 1 ri rnilnT"pri rnrrprf n/ 

LIU l^lllUJ. J. til L^L/l i CL Ll y . 

There was somewhat similar discipline 
also among the older people of the group. 
In the early morning the oldest man in a 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





48 


PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




house would take a light switch and go 
around smacking it against the walls. 
This was the signal, "everybody out!" 
Men and boys went into the water of the 
Sound for a bath, while women went up 
the creek. Nobody was exempt in this 
matter, not even children. 

Many of the customs which we asso- 
ciate with "family" life were lacking 
altogether. Husband and wife never 
addressed each other "by their proper 
names, saying simply "old man" or "old 
woman." A somewhat affectionate term 
was sometimes used, meaning "spouse." 
There was little privacy in the big houses. 
Families even shared hearth-fires in 
many cases. They reckoned kinship 
very closely, however, and the "better" 
families have even yet a strong feeling 
for the importance of genealogies. Their 
kinship terms have many interesting 
features: for example, brother addressed 
brother by one term, and sister addressing 
sister used the same term; while brother 
addressing sister used a different term. 
They also had a special set oi terms 




INDIAN NOTES 



DISTRIBUTION 


49 


which were used between relatives by 
affinity, after the connecting relative had 
died. Marriage was usually between 
people of separate establishments or 
separate groups. There was no tribal 
organization of any sort. So far as any 
social fabric existed, it was based on the 
family and the house-group. 

DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARIOUS 
FORMS OF HOUSES 

It is a striking fact that while the 
"shed" type of house is used about Puget 
sound and for some distance northward, 
it is replaced in the most northerly 
regions by a " gabled" form. Gabled 
houses of excellent construction are 
characteristic of all the tribes north of 
the Comox. The shed type is pretty 
closely identified with the Salish tribes, a 
fact already noted by Boas and Hill-Tout. 
From the Salish, apparently, it spread to 
their neighbors within thp crpnpral arpp 

L 11 ^ 11 5 uu vv i Linn u±n— ctiici ai ai ca 

about Puget sound, such as the non- 
Salishan Nootka, Makah, Chimakum, 
and Quilliute. It looks very much as 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





I 

I 



50 


PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




though this gabled house were an older 
form in this region, having apparently 
had at one time a very extended distri- 
bution along the coast, from Mount Saint 
Elias in Alaska to Humboldt bay in Cali- 
fornia. Along the whole stretch of coast 
included between these two extremes, we 
find rectangular plank-houses, with no 
interruption. At both ends of the area, 
moreover, these rectangular houses take 
the form of gabled structures with paired 
ridge-poles, vertical wall- and roof-planks, 
and an interior pit reached by a flight of 
steps. This is certainly a strong argu- 
ment for the supposition that in former 
times there was a continuous distribution 
of such houses over the whole region. 32 
In a limited area, merely, on Vancouver 
island and about Puget sound, the gabled 
form is replaced by a shed-shaped 
dwelling, less elaborate in its construc- 
tion. The examples of this shed form 
examined more than a hundred and forty 
years ago by Captain Cook, were, as a 
matter of fact, quite crude. This might 
suggest that the type was still evolving 




INDIAN NOTES 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 


51 


at that time. The whole situation sug- 
gests very strongly that the "shed" struc- 
ture is intrusive in this area, having been 
brought perhaps from the interior by the 
Salish, and modified by conditions en- 
countered on the coast: such conditions 
as the previous existence there of habits 
of working in wood. If this is the case, 
the intrusive peoples have out-Heroded 
Herod in one matter: they gave their 
structures much greater size than did 
any other stocks of the Pacific coast. 
So far as that is concerned, these Salish 
shed-houses seem to have been the largest 
structures erected anywhere in the New 
World. 

WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT 

Bancroft, Hubert Howe 

1886 The native races [of the Pacific States]. 
Five volumes. [These form volumes 
1-5 of a thirty-volume series entitled 
"The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft," 
San Francisco, 1886-1888.] 
Boas, Franz 

1889 The houses of the Kwakiutl Indians. 
Smithsonian Institution, Proceedings of 




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52 



PUGET SOUND HOUSES 



the U. S. National Museum, vol. n, 
1888, pp. 197-213. Washington. 

1890 First general report on the Indians of 
British Columbia. In Report of the 
committee . . . appointed to investi- 
gate the . . . northwestern tribes of the 
Dominion of Canada. Report of the 
fifty-ninth meeting of the British Asso- 
ciation for the Advancement of Science 
held . . . in . . . 1889, pp. 801-893. 
London. 

1 891 Second general report on the Indians of 
British Columbia. [Same series.] Re- 
port of the sixtieth meeting, . . . held 
... in ... 1890, pp. 562-715. 
London. 

1896a Fifth report on the Indians of British 
Columbia. [Same series.] Report of 
the sixty-fifth meeting . . . held . . . in 
. . . 1895, PP- 523-592. London. 

18966 Sixth report on the Indians of British, 
Columbia. [Same series.] Report of 
the sixty-sixth meeting . . . held . . . 
in . . . 1896, pp. 569-591. 

1897 The social organization and secret soci- 
eties of the Kwakiutl Indians of Van- 
couver island. Smithsonian Institution, 
Report of the U. S. National Museum for 
1895, pp. 311-738. Washington. 

1909 The Kwakiutl of Vancouver island. 
American Museum of Natural History, 



INDIAN NOTES 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



53 



Memoirs, vol. 8, part 2 (Reprint from 
Publications of the Jesup North Pacific 
Expedition, vol. 5, part 2). New York 
and Leyden. 
1916 Tsimshian mythology. Smithsonian 
Institution, 31st Annual Report of the 
Bureau of American Ethnology for 
iqoq-io, pp. 27-1037. Washington 

Carlson, Frank 

1903 Chief Sealth. Bulletin of the Uni- 
versity of Washington the State University 
[sic] issued quarterly. Series 3, no. 2. 
History series, pp. 1-35. Seattle. 

Cook, Captain James 

1784 A voyage to the Pacific ocean ... to 
determine the position and extent of the 
west side of North America ... in his 
Majesty's ships the Resolution and 
Discovery, in the years 1776, i777> I 778, 
1779, and 1780. Three volumes. [These 
form volumes 6, 7, and 8 of a nine- 
volume series entitled Cook s Voyages.] 
London. 

Costello, J. A. 

1895 The Siwash; their life, legends, and 
tales. Puget sound and Pacific North- 
west. [On the cover is printed : " Indian 
History of the Northwest: Siwash."] 
Seattle. 



AND monographs 



54 


PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




Curtis, Edward S. 

1907-1916 The North American Indian; 
being a series of volumes picturing and 
describing the Indians of the United 
States and Alaska, written, illustrated 
and published by Edward S. Curtis, 
edited by Frederick Webb Hodge, fore- 
word by Theodore Roosevelt, field re- 
search conducted under the patronage of 
J. Pierpont Morgan. Twenty volumes. 
[11 volumes issued to date.] 
Denny, Emily Inez 

1909 Blazing the Way, or True stories, songs 
and sketches of Puget sound and other 
pioneers [sic]. With illustrations by the 
author and from authentic photo- 
graphs. Seattle. 
Eells, Myron 

1889 The Twana, Chemakum and Challam 
Indians of Washington Territory. An- 
nual Report of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion for 1887, pp. 605-681. Washing- 
ton. 

Fraser, Simon 

1889 Journal of a voyage from the Rocky 
mountains to the Pacific coast, 1808. 
In Les Bourgeois de la Compagnie du 
Nord-ouest. Recits de voyages, lettres 
et rapports inedits relatifs au nord- 
ouest Canadien. Premiere serie, pp. 
156—221. Quebec. 




INDIAN NOTES 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 


55 


Gibbs, George 

1877 Tribes of western Washington and 
northwestern Oregon. In Department 
of the Interior, U. S. Geographical and 
Geological Survey of the Rocky Moun- 
tain region, J. W. Powell, Geologist in 
charge. Contributions to North Ameri- 
can Ethnology, vol. 1, part 2, pp. 157-309. 
Washington. 

Goddard, Pliny Earle 

1903 Life and culture of the Hupa. Uni- 
versity of California Publications in 
American Archaeology and Ethnology, 
vol. 1, pp. 3-88. Berkeley. 

Hill-Tout, C. 

1907 British North America. I, The Far 
West, the home of the Salish and Dene. 
"Native Races of the British Empire 
series." London. 

Irving, Washington 

1836 Astoria, or, anecdotes of an enterprise 
beyond the Rocky mountains. Two 
volumes. Philadelphia. 

Jewitt, John 

1896 The adventures of John Jewitt, only 

mi r VI vnr of thf nvt^wr of f li <=» cViir* TRoofon 

OU.J. VlVUl KJL LUC UCW Vjl L1IC ollIJJ JJUfeLDIl, 

during ?a captivity of nearly three years 
among the Indians of Nootka sound in 
Vancouver island. Edited by Robert 
Brown. London. 




and monographs 





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56 


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Kelley, Hall J. 

1 83 1 A general circular to all persons of good 
character who wish to emigrate to the 
Oregon Territory .... By order of 
the American Society for encouraging 
the settlement of the Oregon Territory 
. . . instituted in Boston, A. D. 1829. 
Charlestown. 

Kroeber, A. L. 

Handbook of California Indians. (In 

press.) 
Lewis and Clark 

1904 Original journal of the Lewis and Clark 
Expedition, 1804-1806. Printed from 
the original manuscripts in the Library 
of the American Philosophical Society 
and by direction of its committee on 
historical documents, together with 
manuscript material of Lewis and Clark 
from other sources, including note- 
books, letters, maps, etc., and the 
Journals of Charles Floyd and Joseph 
Whitehouse. Now for the first time 
published in full and exactly as written. 
Edited, with introduction, notes, and 
index, by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. 
Eight volumes. New York. 

Niblack, Albert P. 

1890 The Coast Indians of southern Alaska 
and northern British Columbia .... 
Smithsonian Institution, Report of the 




INDIAN NOTES 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 


57 


U. S. National Museum . . . for 
1888, pp. 225-386. Washington. 
Powers, Stephen 

1877 Tribes of California. In U. S. Interior 
Department, Geographical and Geo- 
logical Survey of the Rocky Mountain 
Region, J. W. Powell, Geologist in 
Charge. Contributions to North Ameri- 
can Ethnology, vol. 111. Washington. 

Sapir, Edward 

1910 Article " Takelma " in Handbook of 
American Indians. Smithsonian Insti- 
tution, Bureau of American Ethnology, 
Bulletin 30, part 2. Washington. 
Schumacher, Paul 

1877 Aboriginal settlements of the Pacific 
coast. Popular Science Monthly, vol. 
10, pp. 353-356. 
Swan, James G. 

1857 The Northwest coast; or, three years 
residence in Washington Territory. 
New York. 

1870 The Indians of Cape Flattery at the 
entrance to the Strait of Fuca, Washing- 
ton Territory. -Smithsonian Contribu- 
tions to Knowledge [number] 220 . . . 
vol. 16, article 8, pp. 1— 108. Accepted 
for publication June, 1868. 
Swanton, John R. 

1909 Contributions to the ethnology of the 
Haida. American Museum of Natural 




and monographs 





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58 


PUGET SOUND HOUSES 




History, Memoirs, vol. 8, part i (Re- 
print from Publications of the Jesup 
North Pacific Expedition, vol. 5, part 1). 
New York and Leyden. 

Vancouver, Captain George 

1798 A voyage of discovery to the North 
Pacific ocean . . . performed in the 
years 1790, 1791, 1792, I793> i794» and 
1795, in the Discovery sloop-of-war and 
the armed tender Chatham. Three 
volumes. London. 

Victor, Mrs Frances Fuller 

1870 "The River of the West." Life and 
adventures in the Rocky Mountains 
and Oregon, embracing events in the 
life-time of a mountain-man and pioneer, 
with the early history of the north- 
western slope, including an account of 
the fur traders, the Indian tribes, the 
overland immigration, the Oregon mis- 
sions, and the tragic fate of Rev. Dr. 
Whitman and family. Also a descrip- 
tion of the country, its conditions, pros- 
pects and resources; its soil, climate, 
and scenery, ■ its mountains, rivers, 
valleys, deserts, and plains, its inland 

Tuoforc a n H tratnral wonHpr^ with IlllITl- 

erous engravings. Published by sub- 
scription only. Hartford, Conn., New- 
ark, N. J., Toledo, O., and San Fran- 
cisco. 




| INDIAN NOTES 



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NOTES 


59 


Waterman, T. T. 

Notes on Yurok culture. Indian Notes 
and Monographs. (In press.) 

Work, John 

1908-1915 "Journal of John Work," 1824- 
1826, edited by T. C. Elliott. Washing- 
ton Historical Quarterly. The Washing- 
ton University [sic] State Historical 
Society, vol. 3, pp. 198-228; vol. 5, 
pp. 83-115, 163-191, 258-287; vol. 6, 
pp. 26-49. 

NOTES 

1. 1911-16, vol. viii, p. 47. 

2. 1909, p. 369. 

3. Swan, 1857, p. no; Bancroft, 1886, vol. 1, 
p. 231; Kelley, 1830, p. 71; Victor, 1870, p. 125. 

4. Loc. cit. 

5. Swan, 1857, pp. 32, 33i» 339 (Chehalis) ; 
Swan, 1857, p. no (Chinook); W r ork, 1908-15, 
vol. in, p. 206 (Chinook); Kelley, 1830, p. 71 
(Indians of Oregon). 

6. 1886, vol. i, p. 231. 

7. 1857, p. no. 

8. Lewis and Clark, 1904, vol. 11, p. 109; 
Victor, 1870, p. 125; Bancroft, 1886, vol. 1, 
p. 231; Irving, 1836, p. 206. 

9. 1877. P- 215. 

10. Boas, 1896a, p. 818. 
10a. Boas, 1891, p. 563. 

11. Cook, 1784, p. 314. 




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PUGET SOUND HOUSES 



12. Eells, 1889, p. 624; Swan, 1870, p. 4; 
Fraser, 1889, p. 193; Jewitt, 1896, p. 99- 

13. 1911-16, vol. ix, p. 157- 

14. 1889, p. 624. 

15. 1907, P- 52. 

16. 1903. P- 2 3- 

17. 1895, p. 19- 

18. Gibbs, 1877, p. 215. 

19. 1889, p. 200. 

20. 1907. P- 5 1 - 

21. Curtis, 1911-16, vol. ix, p. 45- 

22. 1889, p. 625. 

23. On the houses of California, see Powers, 
1877; Goddard, 1903; Waterman, Notes on 
Yurok Culture (in press); Kroeber, Handbook 
of California Indians (in press). On the houses 
of Columbia river, Oregon, and Washington, see 
Sapir, 1910; Schumacher, 1877; and the authori- 
ties mentioned in note 8 above. For houses of 
the North Pacific coast, see Boas, 1888, 1896a, 
1896&; Niblack, 1890; Swanton, 1909- 

24. 1889, p. 624. 

25. 1889, p. 624. 

26. 1909^ P- 369- 

27. Curtis, 1907-16, vol. ix, p. 47; Gibbs, 
1877, p. 215; Costello, 1895, p. 19; Carlson, 
1903, p. 22. 

28. For the phonetic symbols used in recording 
native words, see Types of Canoes on Puget 
Sound, by T. T. Waterman and Geraidine Coffin, 
Indian Notes and Monographs, pp. 8-10, 1920. 



INDIAN NOTES 



D 



12^ 




NOTES 


61 


29. 1877, p- 215. 

30. 1798, pp. 252, 254 (May 1792). 

31. Eells, 1889, p. 324; Curtis, 1911-16, vol. 
ix, p. 157. 

32. See Waterman and Collaborators, Native 
Houses of Western North America, Indian Notes 
and Monographs, 1920. 




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